Date Social work theories Essay Example

Date Social work hypotheses Essay Social hypothesis was to free the contemplations and along these lines help social gatherings in removing control and suppression. This development of basic sociology and social hypothesis stands offensively at chances with the moderate positivist demonstrable skill of standard social science as in it imagines human freedom as the most noteworthy method of reasoning of scholarly uproar. Habermas has gone to considerable lengths to contend that this conclusive beginning of sociology and social hypothesis isn't against what he calls the task of advancement, which started with the Enlightenment. Positively, he battles that basic social hypothesis, imagined as correspondence hypothesis and morals, achieves the venture of advancement by further defending public activity in manners evaluated however not finished by Weber. In spite of the fact that Habermas unnecessarily separates instrumental and open rationalities, much as Kant did, in this way restricting the field of human freedom to informative tasks yet leaving innovation and its domain of nature immaculate, he breathtakingly reconceptualizes Marxism in manners that give it experimental and political buy in the present. A long way from abandoning innovation and advancement, Habermas contends that Marx was an innovator and that the venture of innovation can essentially be satisfied in a Marxist manner, in spite of the fact that in wording that digress definitely from the Marxist and Marxist-Leninist structures of the mid twentieth century. Habermas underpins the Enlightenments program of regular freedom and levelheadedness through (a reconceptualized) Marx. We will compose a custom article test on Date Social work hypotheses explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Date Social work hypotheses explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Date Social work hypotheses explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This affirmation to the Enlightenment and advancement must exonerate basic social scholars, for example, Habermas of the acceptances that they are Luddites, antimodernists, rebels. A long way from deficient scholastic life, including sociology and social hypothesis, to be abbreviated to instructional political training, Habermas needs to open scholarly life to authentic discussion and decent variety, which he guesses as far as his informative morals. despite the fact that the portrayal of left scholastics as extremist supporters of political rightness is to a great extent publicity proclaimed by eighties neoconservatives, numerous basic social scholars are particularly hard on purveyors of multicultural personality governmental issues, especially the individuals who get from postmodernism (Denzin Norman. 1986). Professionalized liberal positivists, including various U.S. sociologists, conflate every single hypothetical heterodoxy, especially where they contend that one ought to guard the disciplinary undertaking of human science against the wild people who might politicize humanism and sociology when respectable sociologists are battling a rearguard activity against spending plan cutting college directors. These expert positivists underestimate all idea and exploration that don't kowtow to the injuries of as far as anyone knows esteem free quantitative observation. This demolishes subtleties: Habermas (1987a) reprimands postmodernism; Fraser (1989) inclinations Habermas and Foucault to be all the more obviously women's activist. It likewise neglects to recognize that basic social hypotheses hold thorough investigation, objectivity, demonstrable skill, even disciplinarily. Basic social scholars differ from professionalized positivist sociologists most forcefully in contending that the point of information is light and consequently freedom, not the advancement of individual expert qualifications or the movement of ones order. Basic social scholars reprimand Comtes model of the hard sciences as an image for their own work as they accept that positivism killed trustworthiness and thus the chance of huge scope auxiliary change. Basic social scholars are unashamed to be viewed as political, especially when they concur with Horkheimer and Adorno in Dialectic of Enlightenment that the act of opportunity from values is the most powerful worth situation of all, taking up the present as a wealth of social being and repudiating ideal world. It is snide that positivist sociologists in the United States who endeavor to build up their control in the college by focusing on its similarity to the hard sciences, including both positivist quantitative procedure and award value, likewise contend that human science should expressive what are called strategy suggestions, especially since a Democrat is president. Applied human science proposes state arrangements in domains, for example, medicinal services, maturing, social government assistance, work and family, and wrongdoing. Positivist sociologists state that human science takes care of its by underlining its certifiable applications proposed in the thin specialized examinations proliferating in the diaries. various positivist diary articles predictably finish up with short excursuses on strategy in this sense. This segue into strategy examination both legitimizes human science in the state device (e.g., open exploration colleges) and assists humanism with avoiding a progressive ly major legislative issues the idea of strategy inferring moderate enhancement of social issues and not precise change. Too, the conversation of strategy improves the award value of sociological exploration, which has transform into a trademark of scholarly expert authenticity. In this way, the move from the sociological to the social with respect to critical social scholars who bolster interdisciplinary is threatening to disciplinary positivists since it forecasts the politicization of social hypothesis and sociology at once while some accept humanism should put complete separation among itself and its sixties commitment. The drained stand-up line of sociologys pundits that human science uses similar sounding words with communism, social work, and the sixties represents this distraction with the legitimating of sociological disciplinarity and discloses why interdisciplinary ways to deal with the social are so compromising. The interpretive orders and human science are moving in conflicting ways: Interpretive researchers and social pundits recognition the politicization of the standard, though positivist sociologists need to oppress governmental issues. Driving U.S. abstract projects, for example, Dukes are inundated with these new hypothetical developments that problem the oldness of accepted ways to deal with the investigation of writing and culture. In these scenes, legislative issues isn't a beset to be killed yet an opening to better approaches for seeing, composing, and educating. Unexpectedly, with the attack of these new European and women's activist impacts, conventional ways to deal with portrayal (delineating the world) in both workmanship and analysis could never again be trusted. Postmodern anecdotal and social hypothesis bloomed in a post illustrative time, explicitly something contrary to what was occurring in positivist human science, which sticks more unyieldingly than any time in recen t memory to portrayal - accomplished through quantitative technique as the alleged liberation of a troubled control (Ann L. Ardis 2002). Not all adaptations of postmodernism are qualified as either social or basic hypothesis. Notwithstanding, as Fredric Jameson (1991) has contended in Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, postmodern hypothesis has the potential for new types of neo-Marxist social and social examination relevant to late private enterprise. Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, and Derrida make implies for basic speculations of the social, particularly where they make conceivable the basic investigation of social talks and practices that personally look like and extend the Frankfurt Schools examination of the way of life industry. Furthermore, postmodern hypothesis has made it almost out of reach for individuals in interpretive and social orders to move toward messages as though the implications of those writings could be uncovered to presuppositionless, extremely positivist readings. Postmodernists commute home the point that perusing is itself a type of composing, of contention, as in it fil ls in holes and logical inconsistencies in messages through solid scholarly acts of creative mind and cross examination. Hardly any today can move toward the demonstration of perusing or composing concerning perusing in the equivalent secure manner that they could peruse messages before postmodernism, before portrayal was tested as a seriously hypothetical and political task in its own right. A groundbreaking number of sociologists and anthropologists (Richardson 1988, Aronowitz [1990], Behar and Gordon [1995]) draw from postmodernism in reformulating both sociology examination and hypothesis considering postmodernisms persuasive test to positivist speculations of portrayal, composing, and perusing. In any case, plainly most American sociologists and others in neighboring sociology disciplines doubt as well as regret the postmodern turn for its supposed threat to science and consequently objectivity, meticulousness, disciplinary authenticity, quantitative strategy, and award value. The new grant in humanities offices edifies basic sociology in that it peruses social talks and practices as ideological and commoditized and details progressively broad speculative understandings of society. For instance, crafted by Jameson, the writer of various indispensable books on social and social hypothesis from Marxism and Form (1971) to Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), obviously places in to the venture of basic social hypothesis. Jameson is in exchange with basic scholars and postmodern scholars. He builds up a postmodern Marxism that gains from however doesn't surrender to the detotalizing ramifications of postmodern hypothesis. Albeit huge numbers of Jamesons references are from culture and writing while Habermass, for instance, are from social hypothesis and correspondence hypothesis Jameson in actuality

Analyzing a job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investigating work - Assignment Example The Corporation likewise runs 108 limits in 8 states (Ross Dress..., 2012). The enterprise is engaging for store security experts to manage the cost of an obvious appearance on the stores’ exits and passage. The spot will relieve extortion and robbery while maintaining a safe and safe condition for clients and deals faculty (Ross Dress..., 2012). An expected set of responsibilities alludes to a rundown, which an individual may use for wide-extending undertakings, or duties, and elements of a title. It might routinely include to whom the title reports, specifications, for example, the certifications or abilities required by the person in the calling, or a pay go (Mader-Clark, 2010). A Job portrayal is ordinarily story, be that as it may, some may as an option include a basic posting of proficiencies; for instance, vital human-asset arranging practices might be utilized to work out a competency auxiliary plan for an organization, from which calling depictions are manufactured as a choose from proficiencies (Martin, 2011). How and when might you decide the need to make a vocation position? Ross Stores Company is opening up various new shops and it will require store security specialists (Ross Dress..., 2012). ... What methodology would use to plot the positions subtleties? Key work force arranging would be utilized to plot the necessary positions. This will discover what number of staff the organization should fill in the necessary positions. The in-house faculty could also be utilized whenever required (Mader-Clark, 2010). What might the obligations be? The obligations of store security master will keep up a safe and safe condition for store partners and clients. Duties will besides incorporate checking ways out and doors for questionable direct (Mader-Clark, 2010). They will likewise be responsible for inviting astoundingly in the shop just as be prepared to address client’s questions whenever required. Store security specialists will bear a firm’s vest with engraving to demoralize burglary by showing a solid genuine nearness and informing customers they the security specialists are there for security. The security staff will sporadically stroll about the shop to determine and handle any forthcoming robbery and possible misrepresentation pointers. Security pros have the ability to discuss successfully with the shop chiefs and trade thoughts on robbery and misfortune anticipation (Martin, 2011). What might the exhibition prerequisites for the position be? Individual specifications for the title of store security specialists will incorporate specific exceptional abilities and capabilities. All competitors must be no under 21 and ought to have secondary school illumination or comparing, a related degree is perfect. The applicants more likely than not had no not exactly a time of marketing administering experience or practically identical preparing is liked. The candidate must have the ability to work productively with partners and clients in a customer based condition (Martin, 2011). The

MIT (Turbo)Votes

MIT (Turbo)Votes tl;dr: As of this fall, any member of the MIT community can use TurboVote to help them register to vote, be reminded about local elections, and even be mailed an absentee ballot to their dorm. TurboVote is a classic example of a well designed civic technology: solving a societal problem by making something that is difficult (and shouldnt be) easier by partnering with institutions to make it available to their community members. Making this happen involved a lot of students, faculty, and staff working collaboratively, and thoughtfully, over a long period of time to make this happen. One of those people was/is Christina Couch, a recent alumna of the Graduate Program in Science Writing; another was Caroline Mak 18, who had previously worked on another voter registration app funded by the MIT Sandbox initiative. Because I was involved a bit at the beginning, and because I think a lot of our prospective students will be as excited as I am that this is a thing, I asked Christina to write up a brief history of how this came to be, which follows (with some photos from Caroline)  immediately below. Last September, at the height of election fervor, I received an email about civic engagement at MIT. Passions were high on both ends of the political spectrum. Campus was practically saturated with events centered around prominent election issues and candidate debates. As political tensions continued to dominate the news cycle, the election felt almost inescapable. I wanted to increase opportunities for the MIT community to participate in what was happening. So did many other people, and thanks to their work over the past year, MIT has just unveiled a new voter registration initiative that allows anyone to register to vote in Massachusetts, request an absentee ballot from their home state, and even receive text reminders about local, state, and national elections. We’re excited to have made MIT TurboVote a reality, in part because the small team that’s worked on this initiative for the past year has seen the need for voter engagement first-hand. During the 2016 election, myself, Caroline Mak ’18, and Assistant Director of Admissions Chris Peterson [ed. hi, thats me] organized volunteers to run what we thought would be a small voter registration drive held in the days leading up to the Massachusetts registration deadline. With financial support from the Chancellor’s Office, the Student Activities Office Supplementary Fund, Course 9 professor Nancy Kanwisher, and other generous MIT faculty, we set up a table in Lobby 10 expecting to help 100, maybe 200, people fill out and send in their registration paperwork over the course of the week. Our volunteers were overwhelmed when more than 600 people registered across the U.S. that week and even more expressed interest but couldn’t wait in the long lines to our table. We didn’t think that anyone should have to wait to register to vote. We wanted to make voter registration a more seamless part of life at MIT. Once the 2016 election was over, we wanted to make sure that this could happen again at an even a larger scale and we wanted to provide a service that could help students navigate voter registration requirements in all 50 states. We found TurboVote, a voter registration program already used on college campuses across the country. Users can go to mit.turbovote.org, fill out voter registration paperwork or an absentee ballot request, and TurboVote will send a nifty mailer with with a prepaid envelope to send the signed forms back. The site also helps individuals or groups organize their own registration efforts in their dorm, sorority, student group, or anywhere else, making it easier for individuals to increase civic engagement. Operated by the PKG Public Service Center, implemented by the Registrar and IST, and  promoted by the MIT Graduate Student Council at orientation events, MIT TurboVote has already helped several hundred students get registered and we’re currently in the process of reaching out to academic departments and student organizations to spread the word. (If your organization would like to help us out with that, please email me at couch [at] mit [dot] edu). Bright blue envelope, prefilled national voter registration form, and free stamped return mailer! Ready to be sent off We are hoping that by making voter registration easy, we can significantly increase engagement in upcoming local elections and in the 2018 midterm elections. One report by the National Study of Learning, Voting, and Engagement found that MIT students lag behind other colleges and universities in voter participation with only about 38% of MIT students voting in national elections versus about 47% of college students nationwide. In non-presidential elections, our stats drop even lower with just 13% of MIT students voting, compared to about 19% of all college students. We want to make it easier to be a part of the political process and we believe that MIT TurboVote is one of several nonpartisan ways we can work to make that happen. Im so happy this has happened and look forward to TurboVote helping the MIT community turn out world-class, civically-engaged leaders in the years to come. Post Tagged #MIT Sandbox Initiative #Public Service Center

MIT (Turbo)Votes

MIT (Turbo)Votes tl;dr: As of this fall, any member of the MIT community can use TurboVote to help them register to vote, be reminded about local elections, and even be mailed an absentee ballot to their dorm. TurboVote is a classic example of a well designed civic technology: solving a societal problem by making something that is difficult (and shouldnt be) easier by partnering with institutions to make it available to their community members. Making this happen involved a lot of students, faculty, and staff working collaboratively, and thoughtfully, over a long period of time to make this happen. One of those people was/is Christina Couch, a recent alumna of the Graduate Program in Science Writing; another was Caroline Mak 18, who had previously worked on another voter registration app funded by the MIT Sandbox initiative. Because I was involved a bit at the beginning, and because I think a lot of our prospective students will be as excited as I am that this is a thing, I asked Christina to write up a brief history of how this came to be, which follows (with some photos from Caroline)  immediately below. Last September, at the height of election fervor, I received an email about civic engagement at MIT. Passions were high on both ends of the political spectrum. Campus was practically saturated with events centered around prominent election issues and candidate debates. As political tensions continued to dominate the news cycle, the election felt almost inescapable. I wanted to increase opportunities for the MIT community to participate in what was happening. So did many other people, and thanks to their work over the past year, MIT has just unveiled a new voter registration initiative that allows anyone to register to vote in Massachusetts, request an absentee ballot from their home state, and even receive text reminders about local, state, and national elections. We’re excited to have made MIT TurboVote a reality, in part because the small team that’s worked on this initiative for the past year has seen the need for voter engagement first-hand. During the 2016 election, myself, Caroline Mak ’18, and Assistant Director of Admissions Chris Peterson [ed. hi, thats me] organized volunteers to run what we thought would be a small voter registration drive held in the days leading up to the Massachusetts registration deadline. With financial support from the Chancellor’s Office, the Student Activities Office Supplementary Fund, Course 9 professor Nancy Kanwisher, and other generous MIT faculty, we set up a table in Lobby 10 expecting to help 100, maybe 200, people fill out and send in their registration paperwork over the course of the week. Our volunteers were overwhelmed when more than 600 people registered across the U.S. that week and even more expressed interest but couldn’t wait in the long lines to our table. We didn’t think that anyone should have to wait to register to vote. We wanted to make voter registration a more seamless part of life at MIT. Once the 2016 election was over, we wanted to make sure that this could happen again at an even a larger scale and we wanted to provide a service that could help students navigate voter registration requirements in all 50 states. We found TurboVote, a voter registration program already used on college campuses across the country. Users can go to mit.turbovote.org, fill out voter registration paperwork or an absentee ballot request, and TurboVote will send a nifty mailer with with a prepaid envelope to send the signed forms back. The site also helps individuals or groups organize their own registration efforts in their dorm, sorority, student group, or anywhere else, making it easier for individuals to increase civic engagement. Operated by the PKG Public Service Center, implemented by the Registrar and IST, and  promoted by the MIT Graduate Student Council at orientation events, MIT TurboVote has already helped several hundred students get registered and we’re currently in the process of reaching out to academic departments and student organizations to spread the word. (If your organization would like to help us out with that, please email me at couch [at] mit [dot] edu). Bright blue envelope, prefilled national voter registration form, and free stamped return mailer! Ready to be sent off We are hoping that by making voter registration easy, we can significantly increase engagement in upcoming local elections and in the 2018 midterm elections. One report by the National Study of Learning, Voting, and Engagement found that MIT students lag behind other colleges and universities in voter participation with only about 38% of MIT students voting in national elections versus about 47% of college students nationwide. In non-presidential elections, our stats drop even lower with just 13% of MIT students voting, compared to about 19% of all college students. We want to make it easier to be a part of the political process and we believe that MIT TurboVote is one of several nonpartisan ways we can work to make that happen. Im so happy this has happened and look forward to TurboVote helping the MIT community turn out world-class, civically-engaged leaders in the years to come. Post Tagged #MIT Sandbox Initiative #Public Service Center

The Beginning - 1594 Words

In the beginning God create the heavens and the earth. At the time the earth was like a void, darkness everywhere consuming the planet, and God said four words, â€Å"and let there be light.† Then there on that planet earth God separated light from dark. He blessed the light and called the light day, and he cursed the dark and called it night. The second day has arrived. God then said the waters from waters, and called to the expansion of heaven. The third day came. God wanted to fill the gap in the water, so God created dry land, and made the gathered water seas. Now he said there should be vegetation on the earth. The third day has passed. God said let there is the expansion of time telling from the seasons, and let there be light at night†¦show more content†¦To make sure that this was true he then sent a dove to find more land. The dove did not come back either. So Noah stepped out of the ark and let the animals roam. Outside the ark was a bright light from above and was called a rainbow. It was symbol given to us meaning that he will never flood the earth again. In the beginning there was only one langue and we had the same words and meanings. The people of Noah’s descendants have migrated to the east land and called the place Shinar. One of the leaders, Nimrod, heard the stories of God and wanted to be in heaven. So he told the people of Shinar come build this tower to got to heaven with out God’s help. He used every brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar/cement. Lord new what they were going to do without God, but God did not want this to happen so he made everyone have different language to confuse them in building a tower. This casted the different languages throughout nations, and the spreading of the different languages. The lord has created a great nation of humans, for what that is what God has thought, for from chapter 1-11 in Genesis it has shown that in the human race there is good people and there is bad people, God wanted to mix his mistake God made for creating the people of Sodom and Gomorrah. God saw only evil in the hearts of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah. God told Abraham that he was going to destroy the town of Sodom andShow MoreRelatedA Day I Was A New Beginning For My Life1205 Words   |  5 Pages Settling in new country isn’t always easy. A day I arrived in Vermont seemed to be a new beginning for my life. I came to Vermont on December 09th, 2008. I was about 14 years old, and I had no idea what I was thinking of. I was so confused, and I didn’t speak English at all. I thought I was lost because I saw so many diverse people I’ve never seen in my life. I felt uncomfortable to be here because I didn’t understand what it was going on this state. I th ought that I was in wrong place becauseRead MoreThe Video Cases : Anthony, Session 3, The Third Session Between Anthony And His Social Worker896 Words   |  4 Pagestermination at the beginning of the helping relationship because â€Å"letting the client know from the intake process and beyond the parameters of the relationship can be affirming, too. A client will less likely interpret the ending of the relationship as something personal, such as you don’t want to meet any more, you no longer like him or her, or you are frustrated with the client’s lack of progress† (Cummins et al., 2012, p.269). If James would have informed Anthony from the beginning, it would of betterRead MoreWho Will Light Incense When Mother s Gone915 Words   |  4 Pagesbegins to emphasize who he is as an individual, rather than becoming a duplicate of his family. Since Lam moved to America, he does not recall his old ways of living, therefore he is on a quest for his identity presented by rejection, change, and new beginnings. All of a sudden, the family has moved to America, and Lam begins rejecting family functions. Since Lam came to America, he began the quest for his identity, whereas his mother already had an opposing idea of who he should be. For instanceRead MoreLook Pass The Label By Paul Gauguin1546 Words   |  7 Pagessmiling about according to her â€Å"how cute the puppies are†. Unlike that person, I am not an admirer of puppies and as result I move quickly from the painting. However, as I made a second round on the exhibition, this time when I saw the painting I was beginning to notice things like shapes, symbols and colors and immediately forgot about my initial reaction. I begin to realize that there might be more to the painting than what I originally saw, but I have been blind from my initial judgments. In my secondRead MoreEssay about Graduation Speech556 Words   |  3 Pagesand to take care of yourselves. Hopefully, all the friendships and memories weve made through the years will not end tonight. As we hug each other goodbye and say our farewells, let us not forget what this ceremony is all about. It marks a new beginning. So, take on challenges, and dont be afraid to take a strong step into the next chapter of your life. In closing, we would like to leave you with a word of encouragement from Dwight Cotton, You must get in water over your head to learn to swimRead MoreThe City Of Sierra Vista Medical Center Rehabilitation Department1624 Words   |  7 PagesIn the city of Sierra Vista, AZ a beautiful new hospital stands on the eastern outskirts. A new building is like a new beginning, a fresh start for all. However, with newness comes concerns that change to problems or opportunities. Furthermore, past tendencies and or problems with existing employees, turnover, and lack of quality leadership do not go away with a new building. The need for change in the Canyon Vista Medical Center (CVMC) rehabilitation department is apparent, but unless the changeRead MoreHow Does The Change Affect The Environment Of The Drivers That Make It Necessary?1775 Words   |  8 Pagesthe new and improved lounge, giving the department who is losing their lounge a sense of the past in their new environment. It is crucial to acknowledge the end of an era and moving to a new beginning, and to emphasize it is not a lose-lose situation but will be better for all parties with the new beginning. It will be important in this stage to figure out exactly how each groups behaviours and attitudes should change to mold as one cohesive team, working with the employees to make a new environmentRead MoreTender Napalm by Philip Ridley2447 Words   |  10 Pageshow it relates to the major theory of structure laid out in Aristotle’s Poetics. One of the main features of this theory is the idea that tragedy should be ‘an imitation of an action that is complete, and whole [...], a whole is that which has a beginning, a middle, and an end.’16 Tender Napalm can both be viewed as a play which ascribes quite neatly to Aristotle’s definition, and also disrupts it entirely. There is clearly one action throughout the play, which is a movement towards re-experiencingRead MoreEdward Norton, Disturbing Monster901 Words   |  4 PagesEdward s performance we can really see that. Derek has gone from being so proud of his tattoo in the first scene to being ashamed of it. We see him boasting about it in the beginning of the film showing it off like he was Hitler, to this frame here where he is ashamed to have that on his body now longing for purity and a new beginning. Through Kaye’s direction Edwards’s performance has connected with the audience on a personal level that is exactly what Tony wanted to achieve. A moving Performance by

Map Skills Thematic Unit Plan for First Grade

The theme of this unit is map skills. This series of lessons will address cardinal directions, how to use different features of maps, and show students how to make their own maps. The following comprehensive unit includes objectives, instructional steps, activities, and assessments. You only need to prepare the materials. Use these five engaging lessons to teach your first graders everything they need to know about maps. Cardinal Directions Time: 30 minutes Objectives Following this lesson, students will be able to: Identify the cardinal directions.Explain how directions are used. Materials Blank KWL chartReal examples of mapsCompass and compass roseGlobe (optional)North, South, East, and West cards placed on the correct walls (keep these up for the entire unit!)Student journals Key Terms Cardinal directionsCompass Lesson Introduction Ask students what they know about maps including how they are used, where they might be found, and what they have on them. Call students up to write their answers to these on a KWL chart as well as fill in what they do not know and what they want to know. Then, show students several real examples of maps. Instruction Explain that you will be starting a unit on maps. We will start by talking about cardinal directions. This is the name for the group of directions that include north, south, east, and west. Show students a compass (use a document camera if you have one).Have a student come up and point out where north, south, east, and west are on the compass rose. Introduce this tool as a compass. Note that the directions are often abbreviated. Show a compass rose and explain that this is what a compass looks like on paper.Can anyone think of why we might need these four directions? Explain that they help people to know where they are in the world.They can be used to help anyone know where they are going no matter where they are. Directions help us get anywhere we need to go.Even sailors in the middle of the ocean can find their way using directions. Turn and tell your neighbor another type of person that might need to use directions, (e.g. truck drivers, parents, pilots).Compasses always point nort h toward the top of the world. If using a globe, show students the top of the world. They use magnets in the Earth to tell which way is north. When you know where North is, you can always find the other directions.Pair students up. Activity Point out the cardinal directions around the room. Ask students to use their bodies to point toward each one as you say it.Explain to students that they will take turns directing their partner toward an object around the room using cardinal directions. Parter 1 will be whichever students name comes first alphabetically. Partner 1 needs to select an object without telling their partner what it is.Tell students that they should choose objects that are against the four walls (intercardinal directions will not be addressed in this unit).Students should direct their partners toward their chosen objects using step numbers and directions. Example: Take four small steps east.Do this until both students reach the object, then switch.Have students spin around a few times before starting so theyre not just walking in a straight line.Allow approximately 10 minutes for this activity, five minutes per student. Differentiation Have students tell their partners the object they chose and work together to create directions to reach it. Assessment Have students sit at their desks. Instruct them to each label the cardinal directions around the outside of their paper (in their journals) then draw an object that is north of their position. Mapping a Route Time: 25 minutes Objectives Following this lesson, students will be able to: Use cardinal directions to map a route from one place to another. Materials A very basic map of your school with cardinal directions, your class, the cafeteria, and specials classes labeled for each studentColored pencils or crayonsPrinted maps from your school to a nearby local landmark such as a park or grocery store for each student—circle school and landmark Key Terms Map Lesson Introduction Have students play Simon Says using cardinal directions (e.g. Simon says to take three steps west.) to refresh their memory. Take your class on a short trip through the school. Point out all specials classes and the cafeteria. Instruction Does anyone remember what we learned in our last lesson about how cardinal directions can be used?Answer: Directions help us get anywhere we need to go. Have students repeat this to the person next to them and tell a time they or someone they know used directions to get where they needed to go.Define a map as a drawing of an area that shows where important things are. The area a map shows can be very large like the Earth or small like our classroom. Ask students for examples of maps in their lives.To the tune of Bingo: A map will show us where to go if we follow its directions. North, south, east, and west. North, south, east, and west. North, south, east, and west—these are cardinal directions. Activity Pass out coloring utensils. Students will need a different color for every special plus one for the cafeteria.Have students come up and help you map the routes to each special and the cafeteria. Differentiation To make the following assessment more accessible, ask students to use arrows of a certain color for each cardinal direction to show direction on the map instead of letters. Assessment Pass out the map you have printed from the school to a local landmark. Have students first draw a compass rose somewhere on the map then draw the route from the school to the landmark. Students should label each turn with its direction (e.g. An E when traveling east). This can be completed as homework or in-class practice. Map Keys Time: 30-40 minutes Objectives Following this lesson, students will be able to: Explain the purpose of a map key. Materials Franklin Is Lost by Paulette Bourgeois—digital version available to borrow through Internet Archive Digital Library (create a free account to use)A roughly drawn sketch of your school playground with nothing labeledExample of a map with a map keyStudent journals Key Terms Map key Lesson Introduction Read Franklin Is Lost before starting this lesson, perhaps as a Morning Meeting activity. Instruction Discuss why Franklin got lost while playing hide-and-seek. What have we been learning about that wouldve helped Franklin find his way? Do you think that we could make a map for Franklin so that he doesnt get lost again?Explain to students that maps are useful for finding which way to go but it isnt always easy to tell what images on a map are supposed to represent. Show students your unlabeled sketch of the playground.What could I add to this map to make it easier to understand? Explain that a map key, which uses symbols and colors to tell what a place or object is, would help.Show students a map with a key and demonstrate how to use it.Sing the map song from Mapping a Route lesson. Activity Draw a map of the classroom while students watch. Label the door, whiteboard, your desk, etc. on a map key. Use colors and symbols.Work with students to identify important objects and places that Franklin encountered in the book.Turn and tell the person next to you one important place or object Franklin saw.What place should we label extra clearly for Franklin? Students should say the woods because he was specifically told not to go there.As a class, draw a map for Franklin that only includes the path from Franklins house to Bears house. Do not draw a key.Have students work with a partner to make their own maps for Franklin that include Franklins house, Bears house, the woods, the bridge, and the berry patch—with a path going through each of them—in their journals (they may discuss with partners but must produce their own maps).Tell them to clearly label each place or object in a map key (e.g. Use a small tree symbol to represent the forest).They can use your already-st arted map for reference and duplicate what youve done. Assessment Have students add one more feature to their maps and label it in their map keys. This can be another character, object, or place that was mentioned such as Bear, the water under the bridge, or the logs and bushes in the woods. Making Map Books Time: Two 30-minute periods Objectives Following this lesson, students will be able to: Teach others about map skills. Materials Several sheets of blank paper for each studentSeveral examples of real maps (can be the same ones students already saw in first lesson)Coloring utensilsChecklists for books with sentence stems (see details in Lesson Introduction)A completed book exampleRubric for Assessment Key Terms Map skills Lesson Introduction Look through map examples with your students. Call a few up to identify important features. Explain to students that they now have great map skills because they know what goes in maps and how to read them. Map skills make it possible to use maps. Decide beforehand (this is what you will include on checklists): How much writing vs. drawing/diagramming you want to require of your students.What features students must include in their map books (options might be an explanation of cardinal directions, what a compass is and what it does, how to plan a route using a map, how to use a map key, etc.).Note: You will need to prepare sentence stems for these that students will complete and write in their books. E.g. The four cardinal directions are _____.How many pages will be in the books.How much time students will have to complete these. Instruction Ask students why maps are so important. Maps use directions to help us get anywhere we need to go. What would it be like trying to get around without maps?What would it be like to not know how to use maps or not have map skills? Turn and tell the person next to you why it would be difficult to not have map skills.Tell students that they will be making books to teach others map skills. Activity Provide each student with a checklist that tells what they will need to include in their book (these are the features you will be checking for when assessing their work).Show students your completed example. Demonstrate how to use the checklist to make sure all important parts are included.Allow students as much time as you have scheduled for this activity. Differentiation Provide additional graphic organizers for planning the books. Give some students options for what to put in the blanks you have provided. For example, The four cardinal directions are _____ North/South/East/West or Up/Down/Left/Right. Assessment Use a rubric to assess student work. Check whether they have included every important feature and for the accuracy/delivery of each. Treasure Hunt Time: 25 minutes Objectives Following this lesson, students will be able to: Effectively use a map. Materials Five treasure boxes or items for students to findFive maps, one for each treasure box, with all map features students have learned (cardinal directions, compass rose, map key, etc.)Copy these so that each student has their own Lesson Introduction Hide the treasure in the classroom while the students are gone, as spread out as possible. Review the map song with students and remind them what they have learned in each lesson so far. Tell students that they are going to put all of their map skills to the test. Divide them into five groups. Instruction and Activity Explain to students that you have hidden treasure around the room and the only way to find it is to use everything they know about maps.Give each student their own map. There should be five separate maps but group members must have the same one.Give students approximately 15 minutes to work together to find their treasure.Once every group has found their treasure, gather the class to talk about the activity on the carpet. Add to the KWL chart you started in the first lesson and allow a few students to show the class their map skills books. Differentiation Provide students with step-by-step directions for locating the treasure in addition to the maps. These should be straightforward and visual. Assessment Have students write a sentence or two explaining how they used the map to find the treasure in their journals. What was the first thing they did? What map feature was most helpful?

The Most Popular Samples of Essay on Korean War

The Most Popular Samples of Essay on Korean War It may make the individuals who enjoyed drama infatuated with Korean Drama and can't wait to observe the sequel. Most common Korean Dramas also have become popular in different parts of the world. Everyone knew how famine in late months before, north korea. Korea was a different kind of war in a lot of ways. It become one method to introduce Korea indirectly. South Korea among the safest nations in the world. The 30-Second Trick for Samples of Essay on Korean War The shortage of information regarding the true amount of the maturation of technologies and permanent threats from the component of the leader of North Korea frighten the world and improve the isolation of North Korea from the world community. The political opposition, religious freedoms and completely free media are not permitted in the nation. The significance of the UN was realized (308-348). Thus, the rest of the policies were suppressed. All the vital aspects together with the outcomes are discussed in the paper. Despite the fact that the two are extremely different in regards to the battlefield conditions, the political outcome was almost identical. Even though a fantastic solution for one-on-one ti me, it may also be a costly alternative. Don't write about this dilemma generally speaking. Thus, the audience will be in a position to presume that role is played by means of an actress like reality. Intrigues which exist in each individual drama that produces the audience always need to watch and watch for the continuation of the episode. You should cover the main theme which you think of each timeline. It would likewise be a fantastic theme to tell about prices or ask us to allow you to compose a great essay. Pick the particular topic of your work and compose a title. Therefore, one needs to think twice whether the conflict must be started as war isn't the best way to turn the trick. Furthermore, the purpose of the both sides getting involved in the conflict was never achieved. Unification wasn't achieved by both sides, but neither side gave up control of their various places. There were a great deal of conflicting elements in the way that people related in the United States. It impacts the everyday lives and activities of the folks of the nations involved with the war. Furthermore, there are a large number of human rights organizations and welfare groups that render the crucial support. This rise of nationalism caused the higher hatred of different countries which created a fantastic breeding ground for the war to happen. It impacts the economy of each nation involved and it can result in long-term affects on the soldiers involved with the true fighting. The Start of Samples of Essay on Korean War There are a big variety that you are able to select from. However, this color is best worn while the weather is warm. See whether any are appealing to you. Thus, we'll always give you top high quality custom papers. The Nuiances of Samples of Essay on Korean War He additionally cites the use of the contribution of the United Nations and the USA during the war. The engagement of america in the 2 wars brought about mixed outcomes. West Berlin a financ ial miracle. Analyze the methods by which the Vietnam War heightened social, political, and financial tensions in america. Korea has turned into a battlefield between Russia and the USA. To begin, it was not to be a major part of the Soviet Communist expansion plan. Korea and Vietnam had similar beginnings so far as revolutions are involved.

Focus on Clinical Learning and Teaching Competence

Questions: 1. Describe the health service for which you intend to develop a marketing plan, including an explanation of why this service is needed and the potential target audience for this service.2. Describe the two social media tools you selected for your marketing plan. Answers: 1. Marketing plan of a healthcare service: The Wheatland local health care service is providing a unique combination of community-based social services and premier home health care in the southern Kansas. After performing the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the market research of that particular area, it is observed that there is a remarkable need for community-based social services and premier home health care in that particular region. It is observed that southern Kansas is a busy area (Free et al., 2013). Most of the families are working or busy with their career. Due to that region, the older people over there are being neglected from the basic care. Therefore, the objective of that health care service is to provide social service care and home health care with responsive and organized management by employing well educated and competent staff in the Southern Kansas. The potential target of these services will be those families and individuals who are in need of social and home health care services. The health care professionals of that region, like, health care facilities, insurance companies, attorneys, physicians refer those patients usually. This health care service has already built a good reputation with those local professionals through the activity of their clinical director (Fox Duggan 2013). This health care service under that clinical director had provided this service in the other community. That was a huge success. 2. Selection of social media tools and its impact: To make this marketing plan of the health care service the members of that health care have chosen two social media tools, which are face book and Linked In. These two social Medias will fetch the patients. Developing relationships with the people is very much needed for the marketing of these services. So, according to that, the blogs will be made in these two sites. In linked in, the profiles of the doctors, nurses, home careers will be mentioned on the blog of this health care. It will help the people to get the information. In face book, this service can make a blog follow the conversations regarding the service. This will help the people to get connected with the health professionals and these health care services directly (Berwick Hackbarth, 2012). In face book, the admin or management of this service can follow other blogs of health professional, physicians, insurance companies. The people over that area will also be informed with the medial and financial data. This will help the families over that region from all perspectives. To make this service more successful in the online social tool, the management hast to join the conversation by posting comments on forums and blogs in face book or answering the questions in Linked In. The management also can assure their success of this business strategy through the increasing number of followers, comments and read the positive comments, conversations (Teno et al., 2013). The management can modify this health care service with the advice by followers according to them. Social media tool in marketing plan varies with each industry and each business. However, the management of the business has to be clear about the fact that making a business more successful through online tools; the management needs to have "all hands on deck". References: Berwick, D. M., Hackbarth, A. D. (2012). Eliminating waste in US health care.Jama,307(14), 1513-1516. Fox, S., Duggan, M. (2013). Health online 2013.Health, 1-55. Free, C., Phillips, G., Watson, L., Galli, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., ... Haines, A. (2013). The effectiveness of mobile-health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS Med,10(1), e1001363. Teno, J. M., Gozalo, P. L., Bynum, J. P., Leland, N. E., Miller, S. C., Morden, N. E., ... Mor, V. (2013). Change in end-of-life care for Medicare beneficiaries: site of death, place of care, and health care transitions in 2000, 2005, and 2009.Jama,309(5), 470-477.

New Year Celebration in Vietnam free essay sample

They are manifested clearly in anniversaries, ceremonies and especially on New Years Days. In Vietnam every year towards the 15th day of the 12th lunar months, everybody begins to strip the apricot trees off their leaves and water melons are seen to be sold everywhere then one is realdy to welcome New Year with all his merriment and joy. They all have their houses whitewashed and decorated, buy new clothes for their children and get everything ready for Tet. On the 23rd of the 12th lunar month those who worship Buddha offer ceremony to the Kitchen God to send him off to Heaven. The nearer New Year comes the more excited and enthusiastic people are. This is the unique occasion for everybody in the family to gather together to welcome New Year after a hard and long year s work. At 12 oclock sharp on the 30th of the 12th lunar month the New Year actually replaces the Old One. We will write a custom essay sample on New Year Celebration in Vietnam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All houses are well-lighted. At that very moment, everybody , well-dressed, rushes out into the streers to visit temples, pagodas or to go to churches. They all pray for a Prosperous and Happy New Year. This is also an opportunity for children to put on their new clothes and wish longevity to their parents and grandparents. All of them are expecting to receive money put in small red envelopes. On New Years Days people avoid talking nonsense and try to keep a good humour towards their neighbours. They often visit one another, wish each other Happy New Year, drink tea together, eat square, cylindric glutinous rice cakes or crack water melon seeds. The Vietnamese believe that the first day of the New Year is the luckiest day in the year and if on this day they enjoy full happiness, they will be prosperous and happy all year round. The Vietnamese New Year lasts about a fortnight. It gives sufficient hopes and recreations to our countrymen. After that, they are ready to resume their normal work.

Free Essays on Postmodernism

Can postmodernism end? In preparation for answering the monumental question of whether post-modernism can end, certain issues must be first addressed, and certain points established if a logical argument is to be conceived. Firstly, one must establish how post-modernism came about, whether it can be perceived as a style within art, with a beginning that can be marked relatively clearly, or whether it should be looked upon more as a philosophy that has always existed, but came to the forefront with the coining of the term. Throughout the history of art, there have been many attempts to chart the progression of various styles, how they were born and what constitutes them, with categorization of artists who serve as exponents for their cause. Within authoritative surveys of the history of art, such as Gombrich’s ‘The Story of Art’, it has been voiced that artistic elements of Post-modernism are currently underway, and have been born as a reaction against Modernism. The beginning of Post -modernism could therefore be marked as the point at which Modernism ended. I feel it may be necessary to also establish, however (if we are to look at the history of art as a progression of different styles, with evolving styles continually eclipsing existing ones) what exactly would surpass the movement of Post-modernism in order to answer the question of whether it can possibly end. The essence of Post-modernism has been defined as reactionary, a movement resulting as a response to the ideologies of Modernism. Modernism itself is seen as a movement, which emerged in an attempt to fight against Capitalism and segregation. Post-modernism is to be viewed as an opposing force, and has been defined as art for the consumer. Its ideals lie within a picking and choosing of various styles of existing art throughout history, manipulating it to produce a hyper reality, over-indulgent type of excess such as the art and architecture of Las Vegas wo... Free Essays on Postmodernism Free Essays on Postmodernism Postmodernism Postmodernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as an area of academic study since the mid-1980s. Postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and technology. It's hard to locate it temporally or historically, because it's not clear exactly when postmodernism begins. Perhaps the easiest way to start thinking about postmodernism is by thinking about modernism, the movement from which postmodernism seems to grow or emerge. Modernism has two facets, or two modes of definition, both of which are relevant to understanding postmodernism. The first facet or definition of modernism comes from the aesthetic movement broadly labeled "modernism." This movement is roughly coterminous with twentieth century Western ideas about art (though traces of it in emergent forms can be found in the nineteenth century as well). Modernism, as you probably know, is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean. In the period of "high modernism," from around 1910 to 1930, the major figures of modernism literature helped radically to redefine what poetry and fiction could be and do: figures like Woolf, Joyce, Eliot, Pound, Stevens, Proust, Mallarme, Kafka, and Rilke are considered the founders of twentieth-century modernism. From a literary perspective, the main characteristics of modernism include: 1. an emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity in writing (and in visual arts as well); an emphasis on HOW seeing (or reading or perception itself) takes place, rather than on WHAT is perceived. An example of this would be stream-of-consciousness writing. 2. a movement away from the apparent objectivity provided by ... Free Essays on Postmodernism Can postmodernism end? In preparation for answering the monumental question of whether post-modernism can end, certain issues must be first addressed, and certain points established if a logical argument is to be conceived. Firstly, one must establish how post-modernism came about, whether it can be perceived as a style within art, with a beginning that can be marked relatively clearly, or whether it should be looked upon more as a philosophy that has always existed, but came to the forefront with the coining of the term. Throughout the history of art, there have been many attempts to chart the progression of various styles, how they were born and what constitutes them, with categorization of artists who serve as exponents for their cause. Within authoritative surveys of the history of art, such as Gombrich’s ‘The Story of Art’, it has been voiced that artistic elements of Post-modernism are currently underway, and have been born as a reaction against Modernism. The beginning of Post -modernism could therefore be marked as the point at which Modernism ended. I feel it may be necessary to also establish, however (if we are to look at the history of art as a progression of different styles, with evolving styles continually eclipsing existing ones) what exactly would surpass the movement of Post-modernism in order to answer the question of whether it can possibly end. The essence of Post-modernism has been defined as reactionary, a movement resulting as a response to the ideologies of Modernism. Modernism itself is seen as a movement, which emerged in an attempt to fight against Capitalism and segregation. Post-modernism is to be viewed as an opposing force, and has been defined as art for the consumer. Its ideals lie within a picking and choosing of various styles of existing art throughout history, manipulating it to produce a hyper reality, over-indulgent type of excess such as the art and architecture of Las Vegas wo...

China economic model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China economic model - Assignment Example The short supply of skilled laborers in China is part of the problem. The Chinese culture has never respected the value of intellectual properly probably because they are the merchants of pirated merchandise in the world. Due to this business culture the local inventors know that if they file for a patent, nobody will respect it and the product will get imitated. The government does not prosecute violators of intellectual property crimes even though there are some laws that are suppose to protect inventors and innovation in the business industry. China has forgotten than in the long term patents are what enable firms to gain incredible amounts of wealth. The American pharmaceutical industry in the great example of the value intellectual property can bring to firm. Raising money for smaller firms is difficult anywhere in the world. In China the task become much greater. The underlying behind this is the fact that the state is owner of the banks due to the communist Chinese regime. Since the state owns the banks the state tend to lend money only to state-owned companies that are large and can create a greater amount of jobs opportunities for the people. Small companies have to resort to the underground economy to receive financing. The three primary sources that lend money to these firms are: pawn shops, â€Å"credit guarantee firms†, and small industrial companies (Doungguan, 2009). These are informal creditors which operate under different type rules than the normal banking industry. They charge high interest and expect their money back in the short to medium term. The small business must produce fast, otherwise bankruptcy is inevitable because they face high short term liabilities. China has been hit harder than other civilized western countries by the global financial crisis. Some cities have lost between 33% to 50% of their overall employment because due to

Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Assignments - Assignment Example Therefore, involves fallacy of equivocation that encourages equality of parties. From the two argument presented by the pair, Zhou is self-centred as he tries to evade paying taxes by opposing government tax policy despite being wealthy enough to pay the taxes that can be distributed indirectly to help those who are poor to ensure equal distribution of wealth . However, despite existence of tax policy, there exist get-outs where wealth people go free without paying taxes hence measures such as follow up should be implemented to ensure everyone pays tax to facilitate the fallacy of equivocation. Third passage in the pair (Crittenden and Mirza) argument involves why American public school should shape up? Therefore, involves fallacy of slippery slope that is contradicted by the evidences provided by Mirza by providing an incidence of Continents such as Europe and Asia by displaying good student performance compared to students in America. Additionally, this can be evidenced by the history of industrialization where Europe became industrialized before

Workers Participation In Management Management Essay

Workers Participation In Management Management Essay Workers participation is a system where workers and management share important information with each other and participate in decision taking. Workers participation in management is an essential ingredient of Industrial democracy. The concept of workers participation in management is based on Human Relations approach to Management which brought about a new set of values to labor and management. Workers participation in management implies mental and emotional involvement of workers in the management of Enterprise. It is considered as a mechanism where workers have a say in the decision-making. It is a process by which authority and responsibility of managing industry are shared with workers. Objectives of Workers Participation in Management: Economic Objective: Workers participation in management aims at increasing productivity of labor by improving cooperation between employer and employees. Productivity is sought to be increased by improving job satisfaction and industrial relations. Social Objective: Under participation, industry is considered as a social institution in which each and every worker has a vested interest. The purpose of participation is to ensure human dignity and to get the workers a respectable status in the society. Psychological Objective: Workers participation in management seeks to bring about a change in the attitude of the workers. Through participation, they will consider themselves an integral part of the industry rather than mere working hands. Participation provides the employees an opportunity to express themselves thereby satisfying their non-economic needs. It provides them a sense of belonging, pride and accomplishment. Importance of Workers Participation in Management: Workers Participation in Management provides the following benefits: Mutual Understanding: Participation brings the two parties closer and makes them aware of each others problems. As a result, a better understanding and mutual trust can be created between employer and workers. Higher Productivity: Cooperation between management and labor helps to increase production and profits of the industry. Participation improves employee motivation and job satisfaction which in turn help to increase their efficiency. Higher productivity leads to lower costs per unit and greater profits which are beneficial to all. Industrial Harmony: Workers participation in management helps to reduce industrial disputes and to improve workers loyalty. Continuous dialogue between management and workers improves peace in industry. Industrial Democracy: Workers participation in management ushers in industrial democracy which is necessary for political democracy. Need for outside intervention between employer and employees is eliminated and workers are freed from exploitation. Less Resistance to Change: Workers often resist change due to fear and ignorance. When workers participate in the decision making, they come to understand that change is ultimately in their own interest. They become more able and ready to adopt themselves to technological and other changes made to improve the competitive position of the company. Creativity and Innovation: Participation encourages workers to think and take initiative. Their talent and ability can be capitalized; highly competent employees can be spotted and given prevention. Forms / Methods of Workers Participation in Management: Suggestion schemes: Participation of workers can take place through suggestion scheme. Under this method workers are invited and encouraged to offer suggestions for improving the working of the enterprise. A suggestion box is installed and any worker can write his suggestions and drop them in the box. Periodically all the suggestions are scrutinized by the suggestion committee or suggestion screening committee. The committee is constituted by equal representation from the management and the workers. The committee screens various suggestions received from the workers. Good suggestions are accepted for implementation and suitable awards are given to the concerned workers. Suggestion schemes encourage workers interest in the functioning of an enterprise. Works committee: Under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, every establishment employing 100 or more workers is required to constitute a Works Committee. Such a committee consists of equal number of representatives from the employer and the employees. The main purpose of this committee is to provide measures for securing and preserving amity and good relations between the employer and the employees. Joint Management Councils: Joint consultation is the process whereby employer consults the workers either directly or through their representatives and seeks their opinion on various issues while retaining to him the right of taking final decisions. Joint consultation is a popular form of popular participation in management. These councils consist of equal number of representatives of the employers and employees, not exceeding 12 at the plant level. The council discusses various matters relating to the working of the industry. This council is entrusted with the responsibility of administering welfare measures, supervision of safety and health schemes, scheduling of working hours, rewards for suggestions etc. Work directors: Under this method, one or two representatives of  workers are nominated or elected to the  Board of Directors. This is the full-fledged and highest form of  workers participation in management.  The basic idea behind this method is that  the representation of workers at the top-level would  usher Industrial Democracy, congenial employee-employer relations and safeguard the workers interests. The  Government of India introduced this  scheme in several public sector  enterprises such as Hindustan Antibiotics, Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd etc. However the scheme of appointment of such a  director from among the employees failed miserably and the  scheme was subsequently dropped. Co-partnership: Co-partnership involves  employees participation in the share capital of a company in  which they are employed. By virtue of  their being shareholders, they have  the right to participate in the  management of the company. Shares of the  company can be acquired by workers making cash payment or by way  of stock options scheme. The basic objective of stock options is not to  pass on control in the hands of  employees but providing better financial incentives for  industrial productivity. Shop councils: Government of India, on the 30th of October 1975 announced a new scheme in WPM. In every Industrial establishment employing 500 or more workmen, the employer shall constitute a shop council. Shop council represents each department or a shop in a unit. Each shop council consists of an equal number of representatives from both employer and employees. The employers representatives will be nominated by the management and must consist of persons within the establishment. The workers representatives will be from among the workers of the department or shop concerned. The total number of employees may not exceed 12. Workers Participation in Management in India: Workers participation in Management in India was given importance only after Independence. The workers participation in management is not new even though it got encouragement only after independence. In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi observed Employees should not regard themselves as sole owners of mills and factories of which they may be legal owners. They should regard themselves trustees. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 was the first step in this direction, which recommended for the setting up of works committees. The joint management councils were established in 1950 which increased the labor participation in management. Since July 1975 the two-tier participation called shop councils at shop level and Joint councils were introduced. Workers participation in Management Bill, 1990 was introduced in Parliament which provided scope for upliftment of workers. But still in India, workers participation is not given so much importance because of some of the reasons. These reasons could be discussed below. Reasons for Failure of Workers Participation in India: Some of the reasons for the failure of Workers Participation in India can be are as follows: Employers have by and large resisted workers participation in decision-making. They feel that workers are not competent enough to take decisions. There is no clear evidence to convince managers that participative management will really lead to higher productivity and profitability. Lower level needs of workers are not fully satisfied. Therefore majority of Indian workers are not motivated enough to assume decision making responsibility either directly or through their representatives. Workers representatives who participate in management have to perform the dual role of workers spokesmen and co-managers. Very few representatives are competent enough to assume the two incompatible roles. Generally trade union leaders, who represent workers, are also active members of political parties. While participating in management they give priority to political interest rather than the interests of the workers. Schemes of workers participation have been initiated and sponsored by the government. There has been a lack of initiative on the part of both the employers and the trade unions. The focus has been on participation at higher levels. As a result rank and file of workers are not involved in decision making on matters directly affecting them. In India, labor laws regulate virtually all terms and conditions of employment at the work place. Workers do not feel the urge to participate. The unwillingness of the employer to share powers with the workers representatives, the disinterest of the workers and the perfunctory attitude of the government towards participation in management act as stumbling blocks in the way of promotion of participative management. Measures for making Participation effective: Employer  should  adopt a  progressive  outlook. They should  consider  the industry as a joint endeavor in which  workers have an equal say. Workers should be provided and enlightened about the benefits of their participation in the  management. Employers  and workers should agree  on the  objectives  of the  industry.  They should recognize and respect the rights of each other. Workers and their  representatives should be provided education and trainingin the  philosophy and process of participative management. Workers shouldbe made aware of  the benefits of participative management There should  be effective communication  between  workers  and management and effective consultation of workers by the management in decisions that have an impact on them. Participation  should  be a continuous  process.  To begin  with, participation should start at the operating level of  management. A mutual co-operation and  commitment to participation  must be developed by both management and  labor. Modern scholars are of the mind that the old adage a worker is a worker, a manager is a manager; never the  twain shall meet should be replaced by managers and workers are partners in the progress of business. Thus the above given are some of the measures to improve upon the failure of workers participation in India.

Antigone Essay -- English Literature

Antigone Essay In any story or piece of literature, there will always be the main characters to fill the pages with incessant adventure. The characters whose names appear on almost every page and the characters whose actions the story revolves around. However, a story will also always have its minor characters. These are the characters that contribute heavily to the plot, yet aren't mentioned quite as often and are underestimated regarding their importance in the story. In the Greek masterpiece, Antigone, the author Sophocles construed a myriad of minor characters that contributed to the story in numerous ways. Ismene, one of Oedipus' daughters, was created to foil the main character, Antigone. Haemon, the son of Creon, took the role of adding controversy and showing his father revenge for all the trouble he caused Thebes. And finally, Tiresias, an elderly blind prophet, was constructed to diminish Creon's hubris. Firstly, Ismene's character was created primarily to foil that of Antigone's. When Antigone initially discussed her plans to contest the King's orders, Ismene was against it and tried to argue with her sister, hoping to dispel the plan from her mind. In lines 71-74, Ismene states during her argument, "think what a death we'll die, the worst of all if we violate the laws and override the fixed decree of the throne, it's power- we must be sensible." During the entire story the two characters have obvious opposing views and personalities. Ismene is discerned as rational, cautious, and dutiful, while Antigone is conveyed as intractable, brave, and disobedient. Another example of the discrepancy between the characters is the way that they are physically represented. Sophocles generated Ismene w... ...ty fits together like a puzzle. For example, without those blank sky pieces that fit at the top of a puzzle, it can never be completed. Same rule applies to any story, without the minor characters to reveal hidden information or to simple add drama, then a story can never be completed. In the Greek tragedy, Antigone, the author, Sophocles, presents the minor characters in his story with important functions and responsibilities. Ismene, Antigone's sister, had the purpose of foiling Antigone in order to create undeclared confliction between the characters. Haemon, Antigone's fiancÃÆ'Â ©e, was meant to bring justification to the string of deaths at the end of the story. And lastly, Tiresias, the respected prophet, was carefully produced as the character who pushed Creon's conscious over the edge and influenced him the most to withdraw his punishment for Antigone.

Decision Making and Self-awareness Essay

In today’s ever changing economy and fast paced lifestyles it might seem difficult to find time to think about who we are as individuals. This includes what our strengths and weaknesses, our drives and personalities, and our habits and values are. This is because many individuals are just not inclined to spend large amounts of time on self-reflection. Even when personal feedback is presented to us, we are not always open to it, because honest feedback is not always flattering. Consequently, many individuals have a considerably low level of self-awareness concerning one’s self. This is unfortunate due to the fact that self-awareness is an essential first step toward maximizing management skills. Self-awareness can improve one’s judgment and help them to identify opportunities for professional development. Self-awareness involves developing an understanding of many dimensions of the individuality of an individual. Self-knowledge provides an essential foundation for general personal mastery as well as other personal management skills such as setting goals and priorities, and managing time and stress. Philosophers have long since recognized that knowing thyself may involve distinguishing between what you are thought to be versus what you actually are. This observation suggests that the perceived self-concepts of an individual may be either positively or negatively biased, from their actual self-concept. However, once self-concepts are formed, individuals tend to avoid new knowledge that does not fit within their self-view. This is typically achieved through feedback from family, friends, and coworkers. Fear, shame, or other emotions may prevent an individual’s ability to develop an honest and accurate awareness of who they are as a person (Williams, 2003). Human beings are complex and diverse creatures and therefore, to become more self-aware, every individual person should develop an understanding of themselves in many areas. There are five major key areas for self-awareness. These areas include an individual’s personality traits, personal values, habits, emotions, and the psychological needs that drive our behaviors (Williams, 2003). An individual’s personality helps them to understand what it means to be aware of themselves as a person. When an individual understands his or her own personality it can help them find situations in which they will thrive, and help them to avoid situations in which they will experience too much stress. For instance, if an individual is a highly introverted person, meaning a person whom is characterized by concerns primarily with his or her own thoughts and feelings, that individual is likely to experience more stress in a sales position than a highly extroverted person would. An extroverted individual is a person concerned primarily with the physical and social environment around them. So, if an individual is considered to be a highly introverted person, they will need to learn skills to cope with the demands of a sales position that requires extravert-type behavior patterns, or they should consider finding a position that is more compatible with their personality. Consequently, by being aware of an individual’s personality helps them analyze such decisions that they may come across in their day-to-day lives (Ross, 2011). Another key area of self-awareness is one’s personal values. It is important that each person knows and focuses on their individual personal values. For instance, if an individual’s first priority is â€Å"being there for his or her children†, it is very easy to lose sight of certain priorities and/or goals on a day-to-day, moment-by-moment basis. Unfortunately, during the workday most individuals are beset with multiple distractions, problems, or opportunities; therefore, diminishing the amount of time that we have to accomplish our lists of priorities. Since few, if any of those priorities pertain to what an individual may value most, it is easy to spend too much time on lower priority activities. When we focus solely on our personal values, we are more likely to accomplish what we consider most important (Ross, 2011). Each individual has their own personal habits. Habits are the behaviors that individual’s repeat routinely and often automatically, without conscientious thought. Although every person would like to possess the habits that help people effectively interact with and manage others, each individual can probably all identify at least one habit that decreases effectiveness of achieving this particular goal. For example, if you are a manager who never consults your staff before making decisions, that habit may interfere with your ability to build your staff members’ commitment to the decisions and their decision-making skills as well (Ross, 2011). Where each individual person has their own personal habits, they also contain their own personal needs. Abraham Maslow, a renowned psychologist and other scholars have identified a variety of psychological needs that drive each person’s individual behaviors. Some of these drives consist of the need for esteem, affection, belongingness, achievement, self-actualization, power and control. An advantage of knowing which needs exert the strongest influence on an individual’s behaviors is that it gives that individual the ability to understand exactly how a particular behavior affects the interpersonal relationships with other individuals within differing environments. For instance, most individuals have probably known at least one person whom has a high need for status. These individuals whom have a high need for status are similarly attracted to occupations with high statuses. Therefore, they will ultimately seek high status positions within their organizations. Such people also feel the need to own materialistic things that help to symbolize their status, as well as be given certain privileges and perks that people of lower statuses cannot have. Sometimes these individuals will fight for things that others see as inconsequential – like a bigger office or a longer lunch break. In order for these needs to become satisfied, individuals must be motivated. When an individual’s needs are not satisfied, they can become frustrated, conflicted and stressful, therefore causing others around them to become frustrated, conflicted, or even stressful about a particular topic or situation (Jeanne Segal, 2013). Emotional self-awareness is one of the five facets of emotional intelligence. Being able to connect to one’s emotions is the key to understanding one’s self and others. Many people are disconnected from their emotions–especially strong core emotions such as anger, sadness, fear, and joy. This may be the result of negative childhood experiences that taught them to try to shut off their feelings. But although we may have the ability distort, deny, or even numb particularly unpleasant feelings, they cannot be eliminated completely. They are still there, whether we are aware of them or not. Unfortunately, without emotional awareness, people are unable to fully understand their own motivations and needs, or to communicate effectively with others. Similarly, a person with high emotional self-awareness understands the internal process associated with emotional experiences and, therefore, has greater control over them (Jeanne Segal, 2013). When an individual learns to become self-aware of whom they are, they become more a more effective person in their personal lives, as well as professional lives. For example, self-awareness helps managers to identify gaps in their management skills, which promotes skill development. It also helps managers find situations in which they will be most effective, such as assisting with intuitive decision making, and aiding in stress management and motivation of oneself and others with whom they work with (Ross, 2011). Improving and individuals skill development typically begins with an assessment of the gap between the current situation and a desired future situation. Having an accurate sense of who an individual is helps them decide what steps they should take to improve themselves. Often times, self-awareness will reveal a gap within a particular skill that should probably worked on (Williams, 2003). If an individual is not aware of their strengths and weaknesses, self-awareness can help them to exploit their strengths and cope with their weaknesses. For example, if an individual is someone who is good at â€Å"seeing the larger picture† that involves decision-making, but is not as good at focusing on the particular details, he or she might want to consult colleagues and/or subordinates that are more detail-oriented when making major decisions. When there is cooperation between big-picture-oriented decision makers and detail-oriented decision makers, individuals have the ability to produce high quality decisions (Williams, 2003). Also, leaders with whom have well-developed emotional self-awareness are considered to be more effective intuitive decision makers. In complex situations, they have the ability to process large amounts of sometimes unstructured and rather ambiguous information. They choose a course of action based on a â€Å"sense† of what is best for the situation. This type of decision making is becoming more important for managers as the rate of change and the levels of uncertainty and complexity in their competitive environments increase (Williams, 2003). Another aspect of self-awareness that must be considered is that of stress. Employment positions that do not suit an individual’s personality tend to give that individual more stress than employment positions that are more compatible will. This does not mean that a person should never take a job that conflicts with his or her personality. However, a person should be aware that they will need to work extra hard to develop the certain skills for that position (Williams, 2003). It is very difficult to cope with poor results in any environment when there is no understanding as to what caused the poor results in the first place. Without knowing what behaviors to change in order to improve performance, an individual can feel helpless and lose control of the situation as well as themselves. Self-awareness is empowering because it can reveal where the performance problems are and indicate what can be done to improve performance. In addition, awareness of psychological needs can increase motivation by helping to understand and seek out the rewards that are desired by such as a sense of accomplishment, additional responsibility, an opportunity to help others, or a flexible work schedule. When an individual understands â€Å"what make them tick†, â€Å"what gets them excited† and/or â€Å"why they behave the way they do†, they have insight into what makes other individuals tick. To the extent that other people are similar, knowing how to motivate one’s self is tantamount to knowing how to motivate others. Works Cited Jeanne Segal, P. a. (2013, January). HelpGuide.org. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from Emotional Intelligence: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/eq5_raising_emotional_intelligence.htm Ross, A. (2011, April 12). Leadership Coaching – Five Areas of Self-Awareness. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from Keys to Growth When Revenue Matters: http://www.keystogrowth.com/thoughts/2011/4/12/leadership-coaching-5-keys-areas-of-self-awareness.html Williams, b. D. (2003, December 11). Self Awareness and Personal Development. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from LeaderLetter: http://www.wright.edu/~scott.williams/LeaderLetter/selfawareness.htm#top

The guidelines and regulations of Dividend Policies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2711 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Dividend policies are the guidelines and regulations that companies develop and implement as the means of arranging to make dividend payments to shareholders. Establishing a specific dividend policy is to the advantage of both the company and the shareholder. In order to make sure the policy is workable, a company should develop a viable policy and then run this policy through a number of test scenarios in order to determine what impact the dividend policy would have on the operation of the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The guidelines and regulations of Dividend Policies" essay for you Create order A first assumption in much of the academic finance literature is that managers work to maximize the wealth of the firms shareholders. Shareholders, the owners of the firm, elect the board of directors that, in turn, hires, promotes, compensates, and fires managers. Through this board linkage, managers, at least in theory, work on behalf of the shareholders. Firms are always searching for an optimal dividend policy, one that strikes a balance between current dividends and future growth and maximizes the firms stock prices. Dividend policy is needed as erratic dividend policy would mean surprises to market participants which will result in a drop in the firms stock price when there is selling off. Thus, a well-planned dividend policy could prevent these surprises and preserve or even enhance stock price. Dividend policy of a firm has implications for various stakeholders such as investors, managers and lenders. For investors, dividends are not only a means of regular income, but also an important input in valuation of a firm. As for managers, the more dividends paid would mean fewer funds available for investment. Lenders may also have interest in the amount of dividend a firm declares, as more dividend means less money available for servicing and redemption of their claims. In the process of maximizing the wealth of shareholders, managers must constantly be concerned with how their decisions influence the price of their firms shares. Share price is the critical determinant of shareholder wealth. Managers dividend policy decisions affect common stock share prices and, therefore, the wealth of shareholders. By dividend policy, we mean the payout policy that management follows in determining the size and pattern of cash distributions to shareholders over time. 2.0 Organisation of literature review Does Anyone Really Pay Attention to Dividends? According to Ronald C. Lease. (2000). To provide a glimpse of what the real world thinks about the importance of dividends and dividend policy, we have drawn the following excerpts from the popular financial press. Income managers are worst-off in the hunt for new investments. Since early 1995, the dividend yield [dividends per share divided by share price] on the Standard Poors 500-stock index has plunged to 1.6% from 2.9%, as companies buy back stock rather than boosting dividends. To be sure, investors themselves favor capital appreciation rather than income, thanks in part to capital-gains tax cuts in the new tax laws. But strategists and investors argue a sizable number of investors still hunt-in vain-for yield. Individual investors, with high net worth, or people who are coming close to retirement, want something in their portfolios that will give them yield or income, says Greg Smith, chief investment strategist at Pruden tial Securities. Theyve been part of a wonderful three years in the stock market, but its left them asset rich and cash poor. (Wall Street Journal, October 22, 1997, p. C1) Corporate managers around the world are clearly attuned to the tax consequences of repurchases as compared with dividends. Consider the case of Reuters Holdings, the London-based media giant, which suspended its move to effectively buy back 5% of its shares in October 1996, after the British government announced it would toughen tax laws on such deals. Instead of using the special dividend structure, Reuters might consider doubling up its regular dividend. (Wall Street Journal, October 9, 1996, p. A18) Dividend changes historically are a lagging indication of corporate profitability and at the same time a sign that corporate boards have confidence in the future. Because dividend reductions are seen as a very bad sign, companies hate to raise payouts to an unsustainable level. (New York Times, January 3, 199 7, Section D, p. 4) One big disadvantage of larger dividends is that they erode a companys cash cushion for recessions. All of the Big Three auto makers quickly burned through their cash reserves during the last recession five years ago, and they have been determined not to repeat the experience. Larger dividends and lower cash reserves also mean slightly less assurance to bondholders that a company will be able to repay them in hard times. As a result, companies with generous dividends tend to have slightly lower credit ratings, which raise their borrowing costs. (New York Times, May 17, 1996, Section D, p.1) Changes in dividend policy tend to coincide with the release of other important news concerning the company. Some firms, like Microsoft, pay no dividend because they can generate higher returns for shareholders investing their profits back in the company. Interestingly, there is evidence that investors typically underestimate the full importance of fluctuating dividends. In a number of recent studies, economists were not surprised to find that the share prices of firms that cut dividends underperformed firms that increased dividends in the 12-month period preceding the announcement of the cut. (Detroit News, August 4, 1996, p. F2) Elisabeth Goth, a dissident member of the family that controls Dow Jones Co., raises questions about its dividend policy, contends Dow Jones has increased its dividends at the expense of reinvesting its earnings to fuel future growth. (Wall Street Journal, March 13, 1997, p. B15) Financial theory says that share splits, buybacks, and dividend cuts should not affect share prices, but they do because investors believe that managers are trying to convey information with these actions. [A] dividend cut suggests that insiders expect profits to languish for years. These moves have gained their signaling power partly because investors do not trust managers to tell them the truth. (Economist, August 15, 1992, p. 14) Div idend Coverage Ratio According to article from www.investopedia.com. When you evaluate a companys dividend-paying practices, ask yourself if the company can afford to pay the dividend. The ratio between a companys earnings and net dividend paid to shareholders known as dividend coverage remains a well-used tool for measuring whether earnings are sufficient to cover dividend obligations. The ratio is calculated as  earnings per share  divided by the dividend per share. When coverage is getting thin, odds are good that there will be a dividend cut, which can have a dire impact on valuation. Investors can feel safe with a  coverage ratio  of 2 or 3. In practice, however, the coverage ratio becomes a pressing indicator when coverage slips below about 1.5, at which point prospects start to look risky. If the ratio is under 1, the company is using its retained earnings from last year to pay this years dividend. At the same time, if the payout gets very high, say above 5, investors should ask whether management is withholding excess earnings, not paying enough cash to shareholders. Managers who raise their dividends are telling investors that the course of business over the coming 12 months or more will be stable. 3.0 Methodology and Analysis of Dividend Policy and Performance among 3 sector Firms: Technology, Consumer Product and Construction As requirement of assignment given, three sector which are mentioned above and five firms from each sector has been successfully identified and collected from Bursa Malaysia website. The tabulations of data will be presented in this report. 3.1 Firms of Technology sector  Company financial year revenue RM000 profit after tax RM000 dividend(sen) EPS(sen) 1 Mesiniaga Berhad 2009 263,896 8,557 19 11.46   2008 263,154 8,970 19 12.34 2 Unisem Msia Berhad 2009 1,036,309 60,745 2.5 11.92   2008 1,233,381 18,336 2.5 4.21 3 Kobay Technology Berhad 2009 2,921,581 1,428,534 2 2.47   2008 7,394,795 3,361,206 2 11.56 4 KESM Industries Berhad 2009 41,862 7,938 3    2008 55,132 20,099 3  5 Malaysian Pacific Industries Berhad 2009 1,150,630 -65,897 20 -20   2008 1,539,126 147,299 37 58 Figure 3.1: Financial performance of Technology sector in Bursa Malaysia for the year 2008 and 2009 Constant Nominal Dividends (Regular Dividends) This type of policy claims that a firm maintains a nominal amount (fixed ringgit dividend) of dividend irrespective of a firms level of income. This is also called a regular dividend, which is a level that the board of directors hopes to maintain in the future. However, regular dividend could be increased (decreased) if proven increases (decreases) in earnings are reported. This type of dividend is much sought by investors as this gives a consistent kind of income to shareholders hence reducing the uncertainty of their dividend income. Base on analysis of Technology sector in Bursa Malaysia shows in figure 3.1, it found that, majority of the company (4 out of 5) has a same type which is Constant Nominal Dividends policy. The amount of dividends (sen) in both years (2009 and 2008) are remained same, regardless of performanc e in revenue and Profit after tax on both years. Financial Performance against Dividend Policy. Base on analysis in figure 3.1, Malaysia Pacific Industries Berhad has turned lost in profit in a year 2009, but still capable to pay 20(sen) dividends, a little bit less if compare to (37)sen in 2008. In their Annual Report 2009 said that the financial year ended 30 June 2009 (FY 2009) had started with a strong performance in the first quarter. However, the subsequent two quarters experienced a sharp reduction in revenue, but this was followed by a gradual recovery in the last quarter. The volatile performance reflected continued uncertainties in the global economic conditions. Revenue for FY 2009 was RM1,151 million, representing a 25% decline from the previous financial year ended 30 June 2008 (FY 2008). Loss attributable to equity holders of the parent was at RM40 million, compared with a profit of RM112 million recorded in FY 2008. Reflecting the unfavourable business enviro nment, capital expenditure was significantly reduced to RM129 million from RM267 million. However, the Group continued to pay out a total dividend. The sudden and dramatic fall in revenue had caused the Group to focus on managing its cash. Capital investments were postponed with the Group spending RM129 million, the lowest for many years and compared with RM267 million for FY 2008. The Groups debt fell by RM48 million from FY 2008 and a dividend of 20 sen per share was declared for FY 2009. 3.2 Firms of Consumer Product sector  Company financial year revenue RM000 profit after tax RM000 dividend(sen) EPS(sen) 1 Panasonic Manufacturing (m) Berhad 2009 600,868 43,247 105 71   2008 562,490 48,478 115 80 2 Proton Holdings Berhad 2009 6,486.60 -301.8 5 -54.9   2008 5,621.60 184.6 33.6 3 Tan Chong Motor Holdings Berhad 2009 2,856,886 154,304 11 23.42   2008 3,195,826 245,721 10 36.9 4 UMW Holdings Berhad 2009 10,720,861 647,212 20 34.6   2008 12,769,581 955,813 29.8 52.3 5 KHIND Holdings Berhad 2009 183,601 8,061 10 20.12   2008 185,361 7,637 3.7 19.12 Figure 3.2: Financial performance of Consumer Product sector in Bursa Malaysia for the year 2008 and 2009 Financial Performance against Dividend Policy. Figure 3.2 illustrated that, Proton Holdings Berhad has turned lost in profit in a year 2009, but still capable to pay 5(sen) dividends, compare to none in 2008. In their Annual Report 2009 said, in view of the need to ensure that PROTON is viably strengthened and able to achieve long-term and sustainable growth, the Board of Directors are not recommending the declaration of any dividends for the financial year ended 31 March 2008. With improved profitability in the future, the Board expects to once again be able to recommend a suitable dividend payment. Thus, No dividend has been paid or declared by the Company. In 2009, the company paid Interim dividend of 5 sen per share less tax at 25%,it has been paid on 14 January 2009 even though the result of profit after tax has lost about -301.8 million. This is due to gain confidents to shareholder about better performance will achieved in the next coming financial year. Special Dividend Payout Policy The special dividend payout policy was implemented by PANASONIC. As a result of analysis in the financial year ended 31 March 2009, the Companys revenue of RM600.9 million increased by RM38.4 million or 6.8% compared with RM562.5 million recorded in the previous financial year. The combined entitys profit before taxation for the financial year was recorded at RM60.8 million. This was however, RM4.1 million or 6.3% lower than the previous financial years combined entitys profit before taxation of RM64.9 million mainly due to the gain from disposal of property amounting to RM3.5 million recognised in the previous financial year. With the prudent and steady cash flow management, the Company was able to maintain a solid cash position and strong Balance Sheet against the market turmoil. The Company continues to develop strong returns for its stakeholde rs, in particular, maximising shareholders wealth via dividend distribution. In a year 2008, The Board of Directors is pleased to recommend a final dividend of 35 sen per ordinary share of RM1.00 and a special dividend of 65 sen per ordinary share of RM1.00 less 25% income tax, payable on 22 September 2008. An interim tax-exempt dividend of 15 sen was paid on 25 January 2008. This brings to a total gross dividend of 115 sen per ordinary share of RM1.00 in respect of financial year ended 31 March 2008. In respect of the financial year ended 31 March 2009, the Board of Directors is pleased to recommend a final dividend of 35 sen per ordinary share and a special dividend of 55 sen per ordinary share less 25% income tax, payable on 18 September 2009. Together with an interim dividend of 15 sen per ordinary share which was paid on 20 January 2009, this brings to total gross dividends of 105 sen per ordinary share for the financial year ended 31 March 2009. 3.3 Firms of Construction sector  Company financial year revenue RM000 profit after tax RM000 dividend(sen) EPS(sen) 1 YTL CORPORATION BERHAD 2009 8,892,125 1,401,615 2.5 54.1   2008 6,549,860 1,376,487 25 51.54 2 Gamuda Berhad 2009 2,727,302 204,154 6 9.65   2008 2,403,660 338,928 18 16.27 3 IREKA Corporation Berhad 2009 12,584,923 252,651 10 0.05   2008 10,900,784 39,387,288 10 1.34 4 EKOVEST Berhad 2009 277,759 6,822 3.75 4.82   2008 441,992 16,757 3.75 11.83 5 Bina Goodyear Berhad 2009 333,764,272 -24,241,042 2.22 -51.9   2008 276,773,368 442,247 3.65 0.7 Figure 3.3: Financial performance of Construction sector in Bursa Malaysia for the year 2008 and 2009 Financial Performance affected Dividend Payment Base on figure 3.3, Gamuda Berhad will be representative of this statement analysis. According to the Annual Report 2009, the company claimed, to overcome the backdrop of a global economic meltdown, the group has managed to achieve a commendable financial performance in FY2009. Net profit of the group came in at RM193.7m, down 40% from the previous year, despite revenue gaining 13% to RM2.7 billion. Both the construction and property development divisions recorded weaker performances as a result of the challenging economic condition. For the most part of FY2009, the group switched to a defensive strategy which meant that efforts were focussed on surviving the economic meltdown. This entailed taking drastic measures to curb expenses, consolidate operations, streamline capex programs and defer expansion plans. Managing cash flows became a primary focus, and financial prudence necessitated a drastic cut in dividend payments. As such, the group paid out a total of 8 sen a share in FY2009 compared with 25 sen a share the previous year. Thus, the dividend payment has been dropped to 6 sen in FY2009 from 18 sen in FY2008. Figure 3.4: Dividend payment method of interim dividend of Gamuda Berhad. (www.klse.com.my) Cash Dividend Payments and Payment Mechanisms With referring at figure 3.4, the method of dividend payment is called Interim dividend which means the company paid dividend in 2 times in a year. The cash dividend is paid on the payment date to all shareholders of record on the record date. To be a shareholder of record, and thus receive a dividend, one must have purchased the stock before the ex-dividend date. Instead of cash dividends, many companies have automatic reinvestment plans in which additional shares of stock are purchased. Thus, the business keeps the cash and shares are given t o shareholders. Dividend  Declaration Most firms in the United States pay  dividends  quarterly. After making the  dividend  decision during a board meeting, a firms board of directors releases information on the size of the  dividend  on the  announcement date. Further, the announcement states that the cash payment will be made to shareholders of record as of a specific  record date. However, because of delays in the share transfer process, the stock goes ex-dividend two business days before the record date, or the  ex-dividend  date. After the stock goes ex-dividend, the shares trade  without  the rights to the forthcoming  quarterly  dividend. The  dividend  checks are mailed to shareholders of record on the  payment date, which is about two weeks after the record date.  Figure HYPERLINK https://library.books24x7.com/book/id_3455/viewer.asp?bo okid=3455chunkid=219644075#ch01fig043.5  below shows the time line of the period from the board meeting through the mailing of the  dividend  checks.( Ronald C. Lease, 2000)  Figure 3.5:  Dividend  Time Line. (Ronald C. Lease, 2000) 4.0 Conclusion From the research analysis finding, it found that the most of Technology sector firms practising a Constant Nominal Dividends Policy whereas the others sector are inconsistence and heavily relied on the company financial performance. If performance better, then the dividend better. Dividend policy  can  have an impact on shareholder wealth due of various market imperfections. Bear in mind, dividend arent guaranteed, a company can decide to reduce or eliminate its dividend in time of financial hardship.